@article{Gertler26-SR-Magnet,
  title = {Comparing Placement and Polarity Configurations of a Two-Magnet Fingertip Vibrotactile Device},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  abstract = {Vibrotactile feedback enriches the use of wearable technologies for entertainment, navigation, and healthcare. The actuators of these portable systems, particularly fingertip devices, need to be compact, comfortable, and easy to integrate. Multiple vibrating elements could enhance perceptual realism, but how should they be arranged and oriented on the fingerpad? Here, we evaluate a simple approach that uses an audio input signal to drive an air coil that vibrates two magnets embedded in a soft fingertip sheath; the magnets are arranged in the radial-ulnar or proximal-distal direction with either the same or opposite polarity. We explore the effects of these new device configurations on both dynamic response and haptic perception. Experimental results indicate that the vibrations were perceived well across frequencies, with stronger sensations between 180 and 360 Hz, which aligns with the high vibration magnitudes our computational simulation predicts in this frequency range. Interestingly, perceptual responses showed that participants mainly classified vibrations based on the excitation frequency rather than the polarity of the magnets. Participants also rated vibrotactile feedback derived from recorded sounds and replayed for different interactions. Their evaluations offer promising evidence that this actuation approach could be used in extended-reality applications to improve transient user interactions with virtual objects.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2026},
  author = {Gertler, Ifat and Ballardini, Giulia and Tangolar, Demet and Serhat, Gokhan and Kuchenbecker, Katherine J.},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-41307-7},
  month_numeric = {3}
}