@article{coop20231,
  title = {Muscle Preflex Response to Perturbations in locomotion: In-vitro experiments and simulations with realistic boundary conditions},
  journal = {Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology},
  abstract = {Neuromuscular control loops feature substantial communication delays, but mammals run robustly even in the most adverse conditions. In-vivo experiments and computer simulation results suggest that muscles’ preflex—an immediate mechanical response to a perturbation—could be the critical contributor. Muscle preflexes act within a few milliseconds, an order of magnitude faster than neural reflexes. Their short-lasting activity makes mechanical preflexes hard to quantify in-vivo. Muscle models, on the other hand, require further improvement of their prediction accuracy during the non-standard conditions of perturbed locomotion. Additionally, muscles mechanically adapt by increased damping force. Our study aims to quantify the mechanical preflex work and test its mechanical force adaptation. We performed in-vitro experiments with biological muscle fibers under physiological boundary conditions, which we determined in computer simulations of perturbed hopping. Our findings show that muscles initially resist impacts with a stereotypical sti↵ness response—identified as short-range sti↵ness—regardless of the exact perturbation condition. We then observe a velocity adaptation to the force related to the amount of perturbation. The main contributor to the preflex work adaptation is not the force di↵erence but the muscle fiber stretch di↵erence. We find that both muscle sti↵ness and damping are activity-dependent properties. These results indicate that neural control could tune the preflex properties of muscles in expectation of ground conditions leading to previously inexplicable neuromuscular adaptation speeds.},
  volume = {11},
  year = {2023},
  author = {Araz, Matthew and Weidner, Sven and Izzi, Fabio and Badri-Spr{\"o}witz, Alexander and Siebert, Tobias and and Daniel F. B. Haeufle},
  doi = {10.3389/fbioe.2023.1150170 },
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1150170/full}
}