@article{aydin2025magnetoelectric,
  title = {Magnetoelectric film for wireless low-frequency neuromodulationMagnetoelectric film for wireless low-frequency neuromodulation},
  journal = {Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation},
  abstract = {Wireless neuromodulation techniques are widely investigated to address the challenges associated with conventional neurostimulation devices. Previous research has relied on ultrasound, light and magnetic fields as the modalities for remotely powering neuronal implants. Use of magnetic fields has been promising for wireless neuronal interfaces since they have excellent tissue penetration.
  Magnetically powered devices typically work with >100 kHz electromagnetic fields; therefore, they are heavily dependent on the on-board electronics to regulate output signal. Moreover, use of such high frequency is a limiting factor for safe use, especially in deeper areas due to tissue absorption. Magnetoelectric (ME) approach is a promising method that stems from the magneto-electrical coupling. It is a high throughput approach for power delivery through magnetic fields in low frequency regimes compared to far-field or inductive coupling.
  In this study, we aim to understand how ME approach can be used to modulate neuronal behavior in non-resonant frequency regimes. We fabricated ME planar films through laminating magnetostrictive and piezoelectric components. We initially defined the output electrical potential as the main design parameter and subsequently optimize the device geometry and applied magnetic field profile to achieve the best possible performance. We were able to observe current density of ∼ 4-6 μA/cm2 in phosphate-buffered saline environment under 10 Hz input magnetic field. Lastly, we investigated neuromodulation potential of the ME films in-vitro through calcium imaging studies. Our preliminary results show that primary hippocampal neurons have significantly increased calcium influx during stimulation compared to pre-stimulation phase. Stimulation efficiency was further investigated with changing stimulation duration and input magnetic field waveforms. Overall, these results show that ME films are promising candidates of neuronal interfaces for wireless electrical modulation. Future work will be conducted to understand exact mechanisms of neuromodulation and design such interfaces in an implantable miniature form for in-vivo studies.},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {284},
  year = {2025},
  author = {Aydin, Asli and Jahanshahi, Ali and Esmaeili-Dokht, Pouria and Han, Mertcan and Gardi, Gaurav and Temel, Yasin and Sitti, Metin},
  doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.210 },
  url = {https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(24)00405-4/fulltext}
}