@article{Donoghue:JoP:07,
  title = {Assistive technology and robotic control using {MI} ensemble-based neural interface systems in humans with tetraplegia},
  journal = {Journal of Physiology, Special Issue on Brain Computer Interfaces},
  abstract = {This review describes the rationale, early stage development, and initial human application of
  neural interface systems (NISs) for humans with paralysis. NISs are emerging medical devices
  designed to allowpersonswith paralysis to operate assistive technologies or to reanimatemuscles
  based upon a command signal that is obtained directly fromthe brain. Such systems require the
  development of sensors to detect brain signals, decoders to transformneural activity signals into
  a useful command, and an interface for the user.We review initial pilot trial results of an NIS that
  is based on an intracortical microelectrode sensor that derives control signals from the motor
  cortex.We review recent findings showing, first, that neurons engaged by movement intentions
  persist in motor cortex years after injury or disease to the motor system, and second, that signals
  derived from motor cortex can be used by persons with paralysis to operate a range of devices.
  We suggest that, with further development, this form of NIS holds promise as a useful new
  neurotechnology for those with limited motor function or communication.We also discuss the
  additional potential for neural sensors to be used in the diagnosis and management of various
  neurological conditions and as a new way to learn about human brain function.},
  volume = {579},
  pages = {603--611},
  year = {2007},
  slug = {donoghue-jop-07},
  author = {Donoghue, J. P. and Nurmikko, A. and Black, M., J. and Hochberg, L.}
}